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Types of Cutting tool
A cutting tools is a type of cutting tool with a blade at the end of the shank. The blade material includes diamond/CBN, high speed tool steel, cemented carbide, cermet, and ceramics.
A reamer is a tool to finish the hole opened by a drill according to the required accuracy.
Similar to the cutting tool, the blade material includes diamond/CBN, high speed tool steel, and cemented carbide. The number of cutting edges range from one to several depending on the hole diameter and application. In the stepped reamer, the blade is divided into multiple stages, enabling multiple processes with a single reamer.
A drill is a cutting tool that pierces a hole in a workpiece, which has a cutting edge at the tip, and a groove in the body for discharging chips. It is the most common tool among cutting tools, with various shapes and types for application, from the one used at home to the one for special processing.
A milling tool is a generic term for tools with multiple cutting edges on the outer surface or the end face of a disk or cylindrical body; it cuts the workpiece while rotating. It is mainly used in the milling machine and the machining center; the blade material includes diamond/CBN, high speed tool steel, and cemented carbide. An end mill is also a kind of milling tools.
An endmill is a generic term for shank type milling with cutting edge on the outer surface and the end face.
A broach is a tool for machining the surface of a workpiece or the inner surface of a hole in the broaching machine, in which numerous cutting edges are arranged in order of the dimension along the axis of the bar-like main body outer circumference.
A tap is a tool for cutting female threads while cutting into the inside of the hole. The thread cutting die is a tool that cuts the male thread in the cylindrical workpiece while turning.
Machining is one type of manufacturing operation where excess material is gradually removed by shearing in the form of chip from a preformed blank. A rigid, hard, wedge shaped device, called cutting tool, is employed for compressing the work material and thereby shearing the excess layer of material.
So the purpose of cutting tool (also called cutter) is to compress a particular layer of work material in order to shear it off. Therefore, cutter must have wedge shape with sharp edge for smoothly and efficiently removing material requiring minimum power. At the same time cutter material should be sufficiently hard so as to withstand intense rubbing occurred during machining. Along with the definition and example, purposes, various features, designations, materials and classification of cutting tools are discussed the following sections.
Cutting tool is a wedge shaped and sharp edged device that is used to remove excess layer of material from the workpiece by shearing during machining in order to obtain desired shape, size and accuracy. It is rigidly mounted on the machine tool. A relative velocity between workpiece and cutting tool is also provided by various mechanical and other arrangements for cutting action.
Cutting tool is basically the cutter used in machining operation. Various machining operations utilize different cutters and thus various names are available for these cutters based on the application. A list of commonly used cutting tools is provided below.
Geometry of a cutting tool encompasses inclination and orientation of various planes and cutting edges of the tool as well as nose radius. Tool designation basically refers displaying various features of the cutting tool in a symbolic but standardized manner. There are various tool designation systems and each has specific style of representing such features. Among various systems, the commonly used systems for turning tool designation are enlisted below.
During machining, part of the cutting tool remains in physical contact with the workpiece and thus experiences severe cutting temperature and insistent rubbing. The material of the cutting tool must have the capability to sustain such high cutting temperature as well as cutting force. Every tool material must possesses certain properties such as high hardness, high hot hardness, high strength, higher melting point and chemically inert even at high cutting temperature. As a thumb rule, the hardness of the tool material should be at least 1.5 times of the hardness of the workpiece for smooth cutting action.
Suitable coating can also be applied on the tool to improve various desired properties. However, a coated tool does not allow easy re-sharpening by grinding when the edges are worn out after prolonged use. Now-a-days, insert based tools are available where small interchangeable inserts can be attached or clamped on large shank. These inserts perform cutting action and thus worn out gradually. When wear exceeds the tolerable limit, the inserts can be replaced by a new one, while the shank can be used repeatedly. Some of the tool materials commonly available in todays’ market are enlisted below.
Cutting tools can be classified in various ways; however the most common way is based on the number of main cutting edges that participates in cutting action at a time. On this basis, cutting tools can be classified into three groups as given below.
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